Example: below we see a map of frac sand mine locations and sandstone areas in Wisconsin. We can see visual patterns in the data by determining that frac sand mining activity occurs in a region with a specific type of geology. Mapping quantities. People map quantities, such as where the most and least are, to find places that meet their criteria or to see the relationships between places. Example: below is a map of cemetery locations in Wisconsin.
The map shows the cemetery locations as dots dot density and each county is color coded to show where the most and least are lighter blue means fewer cemeteries. Mapping densities. Sometimes it is more important to map concentrations, or a quantity normalized by area or total number. Example: Below we have mapped the population density of Manhattan total population counts normalized by the area in sq. Finding what is inside. We can determine the characteristics of "inside" by creating specific criteria to define an area of interest AOI.
Example: below is a map showing a flood event and the tax parcels and buildings in the floodway. We can use tools like CLIP to determine which parcels fall inside the flood event. Further, we can use attributes of the parcels to determine potential costs of property damage. Finding what is nearby. We can find out what is happening within a set distance of a feature or event by mapping what is nearby using geoprocessing tools like BUFFER.
Example: below we see a map of drive times from a central location in the City of Madison, WI. We can use streets as a network and add specific criteria like speed limit and intersection controls to determine how far a driver can typically get in 5, 10, or 15 minutes. For example, researchers at CDC have used GIS to identify how to target polio immunization campaigns in geographically isolated locations.
Analysis is the process of using spatial data to answer questions. There are many different analysis techniques. Hardware: GIS software is run on computers.
Memory and computing power are important because spatial data includes many attributes making it very large. Software: Geographic Information Systems require specialized software. GIS maps can then display all locations in the area that have similar conditions, so researchers know where to look for more of the rare plants. By knowing the geographic location of farms using a specific fertilizer, GIS analysis of farm locations, stream locations, elevations, and rainfall will show which streams are likely to carry that fertilizer downstream.
These are just a few examples of the many uses of GIS in earth sciences, biology, resource management, and many other fields. The development of geographic information system GIS transformed the practice of geographic science research.
The availability of low-cost, reliable data by the U. To estimate the extent of the scientific use of USGS digital Geographic information system GIS technology can be used for scientific investigations, resource management, and development planning. For example, a GIS might allow emergency planners to easily calculate emergency response times in the event of a natural disaster, or a GIS might be used to find wetlands that need protection from pollution.
Advanced methods for analyzing animal movements have been little used in the aquatic research environment compared to the terrestrial. In addition, despite obvious advantages of integrating geographic information systems GIS with spatial studies of animal movement behavior, movement analysis tools have not been integrated into GIS for either The Bureau of Land Management and the U.
The workshop explored how citizen mapmakers might contribute to The National Map, the USGS source for topographic information for the nation. Skip to main content. Search Search. A police precinct might study changes in crime data to help determine where to assign officers. One important use of time-based GIS technology involves creating time-lapse photography that shows processes occurring over large areas and long periods of time. For example, data showing the movement of fluid in ocean or air currents help scientists better understand how moisture and heat energy move around the globe.
GIS technology sometimes allows users to access further information about specific areas on a map. A person can point to a spot on a digital map to find other information stored in the GIS about that location. For example, a user might click on a school to find how many students are enrolled, how many students there are per teacher, or what sports facilities the school has.
GIS systems are often used to produce three-dimensional images. This is useful, for example, to geologists studying earthquake faults. GIS technology makes updating maps much easier than updating maps created manually.
Updated data can simply be added to the existing GIS program. A new map can then be printed or displayed on screen. This skips the traditional process of drawing a map, which can be time-consuming and expensive. People working in many different fields use GIS technology.
GIS technology can be used for scientific investigations, resource management , and development planning. Many retail businesses use GIS to help them determine where to locate a new store. Marketing companies use GIS to decide to whom to market stores and restaurants, and where that marketing should be. Scientists use GIS to compare population statistics to resources such as drinking water.
Biologists use GIS to track animal- migration patterns. City, state, or federal officials use GIS to help plan their response in the case of a natural disaster such as an earthquake or hurricane. GIS maps can show these officials what neighborhoods are most in danger, where to locate emergency shelters, and what routes people should take to reach safety.
Engineers use GIS technology to support the design, implementation, and management of communication networks for the phones we use, as well as the infrastructure necessary for internet connectivity. Other engineers may use GIS to develop road networks and transportation infrastructure.
Illustration courtesy U. Government Accountability Office. Staff from the US Geological Survey USGS answer questions about aerial photographs, maps, satellite imagery, computer programs, data formats, data standards, and digital cartographic data. Hurricanes are the same thing as typhoons, but usually located in the Atlantic Ocean region.
In GIS, a closed shape on a map defined by a connected sequence of x, y coordinate pairs. Also called an electrical grid. Also called a transmission line. Also called natural resource management. Storm drains flow into local creeks, rivers, or seas. The audio, illustrations, photos, and videos are credited beneath the media asset, except for promotional images, which generally link to another page that contains the media credit.
The Rights Holder for media is the person or group credited. Jeannie Evers, Emdash Editing. Caryl-Sue, National Geographic Society. For information on user permissions, please read our Terms of Service.
0コメント