In other words, even if the source language input sentence can be omitted, when generating a sentence in the target language, the corresponding phrase cannot always be omitted, and a grammatically incorrect sentence is generated or a translated sentence is generated. There was a problem that I could not.
In particular, in Japanese-to-English translation, the subject and object are often omitted in Japanese, but they cannot be omitted in English because they are grammatically correct sentences. A stack that stores nouns, a syntax pattern dictionary that defines the omission of cases in the target language sentence and the semantic constraints of the case, and abbreviations in the source language sentence that cannot be omitted in the target language sentence with reference to the syntax pattern dictionary An abbreviation identifying means for identifying a phrase and a complementary word selecting means for searching the stack and selecting a word satisfying the semantic constraint of the abbreviation as a complementary word for the abbreviation are provided to generate the target language sentence.
In doing so, at the position of the abbreviation identified by the abbreviation identifying means, the word determined by the complementary word selecting means or corresponding to it It is achieved by a machine translation system, which comprises inserting a that pronoun.
By collating this syntax pattern with the input sentence, the abbreviations that cannot be omitted in the surface language of the target language are identified. In order to determine the phrase that should be placed at the position of the abbreviation, a stack is provided in which the nouns appearing in the text are stored together with their semantic features, sex, person and number.
A noun satisfying the condition of the semantic feature for the abbreviation is searched from the stack, and its sex, person, and number are considered to be the sex, person, and number of the abbreviation. In generating a target language sentence, a grammatically correct sentence can be generated by deciding a pronoun for an abbreviation based on its sex, personality, and number.
A storage device for storing, 3 is an input device for inputting a source language sentence, and 4 is an output device for outputting a target language sentence. Further, the storage device 2 is provided with areas of a word dictionary 21, a syntax pattern dictionary 22, an intermediate expression 23, and a noun stack Here, the source language sentence is Japanese and the target language sentence is English.
In the case frame , case dominated by predicates are arranged according to the word order in the surface sentence of English target language. In English surface sentences, the optional case is enclosed in parentheses. Since it is used in the meaning of "deep case", the word "morphological case" is used to distinguish it from this. Among the cases in the syntax pattern corresponding to the predicate in the input sentence, the cases included in the input sentence and the cases omitted in the input sentence but not in the English surface sentence Are arranged in the same order as in the syntax pattern description.
For each noun , the semantic features 2 42, sex , person and number are stored. When searching for a noun from the noun stack 24, the nouns that are registered later are accessed in order.
This is a processing flowchart executed by the central processing unit 1 in FIG. Next, the text is read in sentence units step , and the input sentence is divided into words while searching the word dictionary 21 step This sentence is divided into words by, for example, the method disclosed in Japanese Patent Application No. Next, the syntax of the input sentence is analyzed to obtain the intermediate representation 23 step The syntactic analysis is performed by searching the syntactic pattern dictionary 22 for a syntactic pattern corresponding to the predicate in the input sentence and matching it with the input sentence.
That is, with respect to the noun phrase in the input sentence, the case is determined by checking whether the semantic features and the surface case indicator match those described in the syntactic pattern.
Check for such abbreviations step If there is an abbreviation, the noun stack 24 is searched for a noun having the semantic feature required by it step Next, it is checked whether the search has succeeded or failed that is, whether there is a noun satisfying the condition in the stack step If there is a noun in the noun stack 24 that has the same semantic feature as the semantic feature specified in the intermediate expression 23, It is considered that the noun is included in the omitted case, and the sex , the person , and the number of the noun are set in the intermediate expression 23 step If there is no noun in the noun stack 24 that has the same semantic feature as the semantic feature specified in the intermediate expression 23, the default values N: neutral, 3: 3 Set the personal name, S: singular step When there is no abbreviated case whose gender, personality, and number are undecided, English sentence generation is performed step You're always finding fault with something or other.
All the players look up to the coach. All his classmates speak well of him. The cartoonist made fund of the politician's important manner. The present government lays particular emphasis on social security. The press make too much fuss over the teen-age idol. We must make an end of this bad habit. The police made no mention of the criminal's name. Happiness consists in contentment.
I quire agree with you. Neither of my parents agrees to my marriage. We agreed on an early start. Have you heard from him lately? Have you heard of him lately?
We cannot do without water. Very few people took notice of the fact. He had no house to live in. I don't have anybody to turn on. He was tired after walking all the way to the station. It's been nice meeting you. My hobby is collecting postage stamps. He admitted having made a serious mistake.
The doctor insisted on operating as soon as possible. I don't like reading for reading's sake. Early rising makes us healthy. He spent all his savings on a new car. She is afraid of going out alone late at night. Thank you for helping me with my work. I can really understand him [his] composing those kind of pieces.
There is a strong possibility of his [him] helping us. I can't understand my brother 's being in love with Betty. He insisted on John 's not going there alone.
He apologized to me for his dog barking all the night through. It is of no use translat ing every single word. There is no tell ing when the history of English began. There's no accounting for tastes. On hear ing the news he turned pale. Be care in cross ing the street. I felt like danc ing with her. It goes without saying that health is more important than wealth. I never do anything without consulti ng my conscience. This poem is worth learn ing by heart.
That a dream worth liv ing for. This book is worth read ing. Do [ Would ] you mind bring ing it back her?
Do [ Would ] you mind my smoking here? Do you mind if I borrow this umbrella? Would you mind if I borrowed this umbrella? He decided to make an early start. I dislike having to live alone. She has forgotten to come here. The children will never forget visiting this museum.
I regret to say that he did not pass the examination. I regret telling [having told] you that he did not pass the examination. It was very heavy. I don't have a pen Can you lend me one? Shall I pass the butter? Or have you got some already? I want some roses - red and white ones. I like that picture - I mean the third one from the left. He has a great number of books and keeps the rare ones in a glass case. Which necklace do you like? What nice shirts! He has three rabbits and I have only two.
Do you want these trousers or those? Your right hand is clean, and so is your left. These dolls are prettier than the ones I bought in Paris. One should do one's [his] duty. Everyone thinks they are the center of the universe. One Mr. Brown came to se you.
I, for one, am in favor of the proposal. They left by [in] ones and twos. The children came home one and all. Show me the other. Show me the others. Be kind to others. I have other things to do. Show me the other room. Where are the other boys. Have another piece. I've already read five books, but I have to read another five books. Of their five children, one is in Japan and the others are abroad. I have three young friends; one is eight years old, another is ten, and the other is twelve.
Some of the boys are here, but where are the others? She hung her raincoat on one hook and her umbrella on another. Some people said yes and others said no. Mary has a white and a red rose; the one is lovelier than the other. To know is one thing, and to teach is quite another. The boy showed me his dirty hands one after the other. Planes took off one after another. On the one hand he suffered a heavy loss, but on the other hand he learned a great deal from the experience.
I had expected something other than this. He likes English, among other things. What kind of music do you like? Write on every other line. He was none other than Mr. Brown himself. There are several ways of solving the problem. Several of my friends attended the conference. Several of the pears are bad, and seral more have worm holes. They held each other's hands. Each of them knew the others's weak point. One man shouted to another in his own language. Are there any letters for me?
He has no sisters; do you have any? Do you have any sugar? Is this book of any use? Please lend me some money, if you have any. Some say they have seen UFO's. If any of the meat goes bad, please throw it away.
How about having lunch at some good restaurant? Some doctors will say anything. Any doctor will say something. Any of the magazines will do. Won't you have some candy? What are you eating? Want some? I you eat some spinach, I'll take you to the park. He finished the work without any difficulty. I wonder if he has any money. We had to walk some miles. That was some performance! He says he's feeling some better. He couldn't go any further. I don't feel any better having had a holiday.
It isn't any too big for you. Do you feel any better today? That won't help us any. He's staying with some friends or other in the country. He was determined to finish the work at any cost. We have to investigate the cause at any rate.
There is little water, if any. Correct errors, if any. All of the villagers knew of the accident. All is well that ends well. All I want is love. All is lost. All the villagers knew of the accident. All the milk was spilled. It rained all afternoon. They walked all the way. The boy walked all the way. The boy has eaten all the loaf. All the town was destroyed. All London welcomed the two astronauts. They both have succeeded in the examination. There are trees on both sides of the road. I've read bot h these papers.
They all live together in the same house. They are both happy. They might both have come. The villages have all been destroyed. The holidays always end all too soon. I liked him all the better for this confession. He is all kindness. She was all ears. The girl was all similes. He has a lot of weaknesses, but I like him all the same. Each house on the street has a small yard. On each side of the street there were police officers.
These hats cost 30 dollars each. Every dog has its day. Every dog and cat has his likes and dislikes. We have every reason to believe that he did it. She showed me every kindness. You should practice speaking English every day. The committee meets every other week.
Each of us were willing to pay our fares. Bill can write with either hand. Do you know either of the visitors? I don't like either of the men. I made two propositions, and neither was accepted. I'll take neither side. Neither rain nor snow stopped him from jogging for exercise. The is no clock in his room. He is no richer than before. Is there any oil in the container? None of the telephones are [is] working. None of my friends live [lives] near here.
None of us knew how to work the machine. None of the cheese is left. None of this is confined to Asia. No one knows where he was born. None but the brave deserve s the fair. It's none other than Tom! We thought you were in Kuwait. Can it really be you? What you said was true but it was none the less unkind. Can you borrow anybody's CD player? Everybody 's business is nobody's business. IU have never heard anything more dreadful.
She denied knowing anything more precise. He is something like his father. No one is allowed in yet, are they? As the move was dull, nobody enjoyed themselves. Most people at the party were nobodies trying to be noticed by the press. Have you got nothing to do? Thank you. I had nothing [something] to do with the accident.
He did nothing but laugh. I can not give instruction for nothing. You may rely upon my meeting you there. He came to NY for the purpose of becoming an artiste. I felt the air flow. They made me run a trial. I will have him come earlier tomorrow. He helped her do the dishes.
Do you have anything to declare? Why did you go out? To buy some bread. I'm sorry to have kept you waiting. Not at all. I've just arrived myself.
I'd like to join you, but I'm afraid I won't be able to. I had better not eat so much. They hid themselves in the cave in order not to be seen by the enemy. He failed to entirely comprehend it. There are a lot of good books to read to be read in the world. This shirt has no pocket to put things in. The rumor turned out to be true. The people stood up so as to see the parade better. I hurried out so as to be in time for class. He stood quite still in the dark so as not to be notices.
He went to Africa in , never to come back I hurried to the station, only to miss the train. How kind you are to come all the way to see me. Oh, to be in England. You will come to like Tokyo soon. This river is dangerous to swim in. This problem is too difficult for me to solve. He was so kind as to drive me to the station. The skirt was so long as to touch the floor. Where to stop is more difficult than how to begin. I was at a loss what to do. The traffic lights tell us when to cross the road.
Please tell me which bus to take to get to the station. Tell me whether to trust him or not. Kent asked me to pose for a picture. He seems to be waiting form.
You seem to have lost weight. The man does not seem to understand what I am saying. There seems to be little hope of his recovery. Betty seems to be liked by Mike. There appears to be a mistake. I happened to see her in the park yesterday. The man chanced to be a doctor. The handkerchief turned out to be the victim's. Many people are said to be trapped in collapse buildings. He is known to have been a brave man. He determined to go to college. Fred promised to marry me. She refused to take the money.
I'd hate to stay her. He ceases to talk. He managed to be in time for the appointment. He claimed to have reached the top of the mountain. The government decided to try and tackle to economic crisis. He endeavoured to win the race. This engine tends to overheat. I incline to agree to his plan. I wish to go to the party with Jane. Parents ought to teach their children to behave will. I told Jim to hold his tongue. He promise me to pay the bill. I expect him to help me. She recommended me to meet Professor Kay.
He ordered the work to be done. To tell the truth , the butterfly sees nothing but what it needs to see. Needless to say , health is above wealth. Our teacher is, so to speak , a walking dictionary. It is desirable for there to be a cold season once a year. He expected to see his brother there. The train is sure to arrive on time. I'll have him check the package. Don't let the children play in the street. I was made to go against my will. He bade me to do the work. Johnson's house. He was noticed to hesitate.
Had I better not go out? Would you rather take a walk? I would rather not stay her alone. One finished, two to go! How many miles to go?
Two laps to go! What makes you laugh so? Which do you like better summer or winter? And you got off at what station? Who said what to whom? Who were you talking with? With whom were you talking? Who ' there? Who are you really, ad what were you before? Who are coming with the governor. However [ How ever] did you go there? Why on earth did you do that? What the hell are you doing here?
I can't decide which to choose. She is dancing - Who with? Whose is this handkerchief? Which of them is your father? Which is younger, Bill or John?
When you get you r daily paper, which page do you read first? What happened to him? What is the capital of the USA? What is the table made of? What did you say? What did you buy? Cf: Which of those books did you buy? What are you? You make me sick. What do you say to playing a few games of tennis with me?
Jim lied about his age. What if you join us? I'd like to. What did I tell you? Here he comes now! Let's go to a movie. What kind of dog is that? He told me what papers to read first on the subject. Which picture do you prefer, this or that? Till when can you stay her? Since when has your grandmother been ill?
Where have you come from? Where are you going to? Could you send this off for me? Where to? You shouldn't smoke here. Why not? Why not ask your mother if she can come with us? Why make so much fuss? How did you come to know Jenny? How is your father? It is impossible that he will finish it in ten hours. It is meaningful to join the Tree-planting Club. Joining the Tree-planting Club is meaningful.
To join the Tree-planting Club is meaningful. Doing voluntary work is fun. To do voluntary work is fun. He is known as a pop singer. The money is used to help poor people and support development projects. It is wise to take a map and a mobile phone. Unit 13 Rainy days make me sad. How do you feel about the music? Unit 6 I like music that I can dance to. Unit 10 Can you play the guitar? Section A Period 1 Unit 10 Can you play the guitar?
Section A Period 1. Unit 6 A Charity Walk Grammar. Lead in A disabled personA blind person An elderly person A homeless person. The Human Development Report Learning aims: 1.
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