MK contributed to the data analysis plan, data interpretation, and edited the manuscript. All authors read and approved the final manuscript. Correspondence to David Churchill. In accordance with national guidelines ethics approval and consent was not required since this was a secondary analysis of anonymous de-identified hospital data.
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Reprints and Permissions. Churchill, D. The change in haemoglobin concentration between the first and third trimesters of pregnancy: a population study. BMC Pregnancy Childbirth 19, Download citation. Received : 13 May Accepted : 06 September Published : 16 October Anyone you share the following link with will be able to read this content:. Sorry, a shareable link is not currently available for this article. Provided by the Springer Nature SharedIt content-sharing initiative.
Skip to main content. Search all BMC articles Search. Download PDF. Methods A retrospective cohort analysis of women with singleton pregnancies, giving birth during —15 in a single urban maternity unit in England.
Aims The aims of this study were first, to re-evaluate the reduction in haemoglobin between the first and third trimesters in a large multi-ethnic population of pregnant women.
Statistical analyses We examined the distribution of first and third trimester haemoglobin concentration in the study population and corrected skewedness by removing the outliers to ensure a normal distribution around the mean. Results The fall in mean haemoglobin concentration, for the whole population, from the first to third trimester was Table 1 Total population changes in haemoglobin concentration between the first and 3rd trimesters and stratified sub-groups by distribution of haemoglobin Full size table.
Table 2 Total population changes in haemoglobin concentration between the first and 3rd trimesters and stratified sub-groups by ethnicity, deprivation and body size as represented by the body mass index BMI. Conclusion The results of this study have several implications. Availability of data and materials The datasets generated and analysed during the current study are not publicly available due to information governance regulations, but can be made available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.
References 1. Google Scholar 3. CAS Google Scholar 6. Google Scholar Article Google Scholar Stanworth Authors David Churchill View author publications. View author publications. Ethics declarations Ethics approval and consent to participate In accordance with national guidelines ethics approval and consent was not required since this was a secondary analysis of anonymous de-identified hospital data.
Consent for publication Not applicable. About this article. Cite this article Churchill, D. Copy to clipboard. Contact us Submission enquiries: bmcpregnancyandchildbirth biomedcentral. Talk to your doctor about which supplements might be necessary for you. Preventing anemia during pregnancy is as easy as changing, or making additions, to your diet. Medical professionals recommend a pregnant woman eat 30 mg at least three servings of iron each day. Examples of iron-rich foods are:. Because it can be a challenge to eat as much iron as is suggested during pregnancy, taking iron supplements is recommended in addition to consuming these foods.
Foods that are high in vitamin C can actually help the body absorb more iron, so it is beneficial to make these additions as well. Vitamin C rich foods include:. After delivery, blood volume and plasma levels are expected to return to normal. This may take care of any anemia concerns that develop later in pregnancy. This should not keep pregnant women from seeking care for anemia during pregnancy.
Scott, James et al. Williams Obstetrics Twenty — Second Ed. Cunningham, F. Gary, et al, Ch. Anemia During Pregnancy. Types of anemia during pregnancy There are over different types of anemia , but some are more prevalent in pregnancy. The most commonly experienced types of anemia during pregnancy are: Iron-deficiency anemia This is the leading cause of anemia in the United States, and consequently, the most common type of anemia during pregnancy. Folate-deficiency anemia Folate refers to Folic Acid , which is a water-soluble vitamin that can help prevent neural tube defects during pregnancy.
Please try again. Something went wrong on our side, please try again. Show references Frequently asked questions. Pregnancy FAQ Nutrition during pregnancy. American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists. Accessed Dec. Dietary supplement fact sheet: Iron. National Institutes of Health.
Bauer KA. Hematologic changes during pregnancy. American Society of Hematology. What is anemia? National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute. Anemia during pregnancy. Rochester, Minn. Reaffirmed See also Air travel during pregnancy Allergy medications during pregnancy Ankle swelling during pregnancy Antibiotics and pregnancy Aspirin during pregnancy Baby brain Pregnancy back pain Breast-feeding while pregnant Childbirth classes Couvade syndrome Dental work during pregnancy Thinking about exercise during pregnancy?
Falling during pregnancy: Reason to worry? Biom Biostat Int J. DOI: Download PDF. The pregnancy is a sensitive period in women life; pregnant women should avoid any risk factor that can affect their health as well as the growth and development of their baby. One of the critical problems that pregnant women may face is iron deficiency and its anemia which represents a risk factor for preterm delivery, prematurity and small for gestational age, birth, and weight.
Iron deficiency during pregnancy is thought to be caused by combination of factors such as previously decreased iron supply, the iron requirements of the growing fetus, and expansion of maternal plasma volume.
Iron deficiency development is widely common among women especially pregnant ones since iron should be supported to the mother and her fetus which makes the intake crucial and important. And regarding that iron heme and non-heme has a low bioavailability, food enhancers and supplements are necessary for pregnant women especially in the begging and end of their pregnant period for support and growth. Enhancers of iron include meat, fish, and vitamin C as the most common ones while polyphenols, phytates in tea and coffee, and calcium represent the most important inhibitors of iron absorption.
Good sources of iron should be taken with enhancers so that the absorption of iron increases. Pregnant women should be educated enough and well informed from their doctors to avoid or lessen the occurrence of such problem. This study was conducted in Lebanon to determine the prevalence and risk factors of low hemoglobin levels in pregnant women and the importance of iron intake in aiming changing these levels to decrease its risks.
Women of fertile age and pregnant-lactating as well as their infants and young children are particularly affected with iron deficiency and its anemia resulting in serious health and functional consequences. It is estimated that about 2,million people are iron deficient, and that this deficiency is severe enough to cause anemia in 1,million people globally.
In fact, the link between what the mothers consumes and the health of the baby is much stronger than once. Eating a healthy, varied diet in pregnancy will help get most of the vitamins and minerals that are essential during the period of pregnancy including iron and folic acid.
It is best to get vitamins and minerals from the food, but pregnant women are in need of many supplements that are essential to their body as well to their babies including iron and folic acid. Iron is an essential mineral in the pregnancy period to the mother and to the baby as well.
The hemoglobin concentration, hematocrit and red cell count fall during pregnancy because the expansion of the plasma volume is greater than that of the red cell mass. However, there is a rise in total circulating hemoglobin directly related to the increase in red cell mass.
This in turn depends partly on the iron status of the individual. Iron deficient anemic women have shorter pregnancies than non-anemic or even anemic but not iron deficient pregnant women. All anemic pregnant women had a higher risk of pre-term delivery in relation to non-anemic women.
The iron-deficient, anemic group has twice the risk of those with anemia in general. Moreover results of randomized clinical trials in the United States and in Nepal that involved early supplementation with iron showed some reduction in risk of low birth weight or preterm low birth weight. Such values are commonly considered to represent anemia. Several dietary factors can influence the absorption of iron. Absorption enhancing factor to meat, fish and poultry is ascorbic acid vitamin C ; inhibiting factors are plant components in vegetables, tea and coffee e.
Specific attention should be paid to the effects of tea on iron absorption. An excess of calcium rich dairy can limit iron absorption. Milk can prevent your body from absorbing an adequate amount of iron. Even though milk has a high content of iron it contains calcium, an essential mineral and the only known substance to inhibit absorption of both non-heme and heme iron. Trevor J Orchard reveal that Hemoglobin levels may be higher as high as In a study carried out in Queen Elizabeth Central Hospital and Namitambo Health Centre Malawi, analysis showed an increased risk of anemia for women under 20years of age, but when corrected for gravidity and trimester at booking the increased risk with young age no longer.
Exercise does not put the woman at risk for miscarriage in a normal pregnancy. The data was collected over one month from three different gynecologists: Dr. Modi Farhat, Dr. Iman Mallak and Dr. Jouhaina Bou Chakra in Chouf area targeting pregnant women in their last trimester. The participants of the study were aged between 20 and 38years old.
The variables were set according to the risk factors of hemoglobin levels during pregnancy and the expected outcomes on the woman and her baby as proposed in the introduction and the literature review of the report.
The hemoglobin levels of each pregnant woman were measured through blood tests done on a regular basis. Supported form the doctors. However the weight of the unborn baby was measured by the doctors via Ultra Sound ; the weight of the baby is compared to a standard weight range normal according to the American Pregnancy Association in order to specify if the weight of the baby is healthy for the month of pregnancy.
The data was entered and organized in order to be tabled and tested for analysis. Before testing all the variables that may affect the hemoglobin levels in pregnant women, detecting their daily food intake frequency is so important for the direction of the study Figure 1 , Table 1.
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