This includes a few countries in Africa and Asia. International healthcare groups work to get more people vaccinated to get rid of the polio virus worldwide. A child is at risk if they travel to any of these areas, or have contact with someone else who has. Polio is even more of a risk for babies and children during the summer and fall in these areas. Before traveling to countries where polio is active or at risk for outbreaks, check with the CDC.
Most children with polio have no symptoms at all. This is called an inapparent infection. The other types of polio are:. This illness can cause severe symptoms and long-term problems. The most common symptoms of nonparalytic polio can include the same symptoms as abortive. Then after symptoms start to go away, the child may have:. Most children who have paralysis will get some of their strength back over time.
Some children will return to normal. A small number of children will die from the disease. The symptoms of polio can seem like other health conditions. Have your child see their healthcare provider for a diagnosis. They may also ask about your recent travel to countries where polio is active.
The provider will give your child a physical exam. Your child may also need tests. They may include:. Virus cultures. The provider will take samples of stool, and fluid samples from the throat. Viruses from the samples are grown in a lab and checked with a microscope. Spinal tap lumbar puncture. The provider puts a needle into the lower back, into the spinal canal. This is the area around the spinal cord. The pressure in the spinal canal and brain can then be measured. The provider removes a small amount of cerebral spinal fluid CSF.
It's sent for testing to find out if there is an infection or other problems. Travelers to countries where polio cases still occur should know they are immune or be fully immunized. Polio is spread when the stool of an infected person is introduced into the mouth of another person through contaminated water or food fecal-oral transmission. Oral-oral transmission by way of an infected person's saliva may account for some cases.
Patients are most infectious from seven to ten days before and after the onset of symptoms. However, patients are potentially contagious as long as the virus is present in the throat and feces.
The virus persists in the throat for approximately one week after the onset of illness and is excreted in the feces for three to six weeks. Up to 95 percent of people infected with polio have no symptoms. However, infected persons without symptoms can still spread the virus and cause others to develop polio.
About four to five percent of infected people have minor symptoms such as fever, muscle weakness, headache, nausea and vomiting.
One to two percent of infected persons develop severe muscle pain and stiffness in the neck and back. Less than one percent of polio cases result in paralysis. Complications include paralysis, most commonly of the legs. Paralysis of the muscles of breathing and swallowing can be fatal. There are three types of polio virus.
Lifelong immunity usually depends on which type of virus a person contracts. Second attacks are rare and result from infection with a polio virus of a different type than the first attack.
There are two types of polio vaccine: trivalent oral polio vaccine tOPV , given by mouth, and inactivated polio vaccine IPV , given as an injection.
Paralytic polio can lead to temporary or permanent muscle paralysis, disability, bone deformities and death. Most children in the United States receive four doses of inactivated poliovirus vaccine IPV at the following ages:.
IPV is safe for people with weakened immune systems, although it's not certain just how protective the vaccine is in cases of severe immune deficiency. Common side effects are pain and redness at the injection site. IPV can cause an allergic reaction in some people. Because the vaccine contains trace amounts of the antibiotics streptomycin, polymyxin B and neomycin, it shouldn't be given to anyone who's reacted to these medications.
Signs and symptoms of an allergic reaction usually occur within minutes to a few hours after the shot. Watch for:. However, certain adults at high risk of polio who have had a primary vaccination series with either IPV or the oral polio vaccine OPV should receive a single booster shot of IPV. A single booster dose of IPV lasts a lifetime. Adults at risk include those who are traveling to parts of the world where polio still occurs or those who care for people who have polio.
If you're unvaccinated or your vaccination status is undocumented, get a series of primary polio vaccination shots — two doses of IPV at four- to eight-week intervals and a third dose six to 12 months after the second dose. Mayo Clinic does not endorse companies or products. Advertising revenue supports our not-for-profit mission. This content does not have an English version. This content does not have an Arabic version.
Overview Polio is a contagious viral illness that in its most severe form causes nerve injury leading to paralysis, difficulty breathing and sometimes death. Nerve cell neuron Open pop-up dialog box Close. Nerve cell neuron The basic unit of communication in the nervous system is the nerve cell neuron.
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